反垄断执法与经济周期:相机选择还是固定规则——以美国为例Antitrust Enforcement and Business Cycles: Contingent Play or Hard-and-Fast Rule——Take U.S. as an Example
张兴
摘要(Abstract)：
本文选取了美国1963~2009年反垄断执法的数据,对影响反垄断执法的因素进行了实证分析,试图揭示反垄断执法与经济周期之间的关系。实证结果表明反垄断执法是反经济周期的,即经济收缩时,反垄断执法增强;而经济扩张时,反垄断执法反而减弱。结果还表明反垄断机构的财政拨款对反垄断执法有着很强的正影响;而并购浪潮和反垄断政策内在的体制变迁对反垄断执法却有着负效应。
关键词(KeyWords)： 反垄断执法;经济周期;美国;相机选择
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 张兴
DOI: 10.13269/j.cnki.ier.2010.06.001
参考文献(References)：
- [1]Posner,R.A.,1970,“A Statistical Study of Antitrust Enforcement”,Journal ofLaw and Economics,13(2),pp.365—419.
- [2]Gallo,J.C.,et al.,2000,“Department of Justice Antitrust Enforcement,1955—1997:An Empirical Study”,ReviewofIndustrial Organization,17(1),pp.75—133.
- [3]Stigler,G.,1971,“The Theory of Economic Regulation”.The Bell Journal ofEconomics,2,pp.3—21.
- [4]Peltzman,S.,1976,Toward a More General Theory of Regulation,National Bureau of Economic Research Working Pa-per Series,No.133(published as Journal of Law and Economics,Vol.19,no.2(1976):211—240.).
- [5]Siegfried,J.J.,1975,“The Determinants of Antitrust Activity”.Journal of Law and Economics,18(2),pp.559—574.
- [6]Lewis-Beck,M.S.,1979,“Maintaining Economic Competition:The Causes and Consequences of Antitrust”,The Jour-nal ofPolitics,41(01),pp.169—191.
- [7]Faith,R.L.,D.R.Leavens,and R.D.Tollison,1982,“Antitrust Pork Barrel”,Journal ofLaw and Economics,25(2),pp.329—342.
- [8]Amacher,R.,et al.,1985,“The Behavior of Regulatory Activity over the Business Cycle:An Empirical Test”,Eco-nomic Inquiry,23(1),pp.7—19.
- [9]Cartwright,P.and D.Kamerschen,1985,“Variations in Antitrust Enforcement Activity”,ReviewofIndustrial Organi-zation,2(1),pp.v—31.
- [10]Coate,M.B.,R.S.Higgins,and F.S.M.Chesney,1990,“Bureaucracy and Politics in FTC Merger Challenges”,Journal ofLawand Economics,33(2),pp.463—482.
- [11]Pittman,R.W.,1992.Antitrust and the Political Process,in in D.B.Audretsch and J.J.Siegfried,eds.,EmpiricalStudies in Industrial Organization:Essays in Honor of Leonard W.Weiss.Amsterdam:Kluwer:Boston.
- [12]Ghosal,V.and J.Gallo,2001,“The Cyclical Behavior of the Department of Justice s Antitrust Enforcement Activity”,International Journal ofIndustrial Organization,19(1—2),pp.27—54.
- [13]Ghosal,V.,2007,Regime Shift in Antitrust,in MPRA Paper.
- [14]Feinberg,R.M.and k.M.Reynolds,2009,The Determinants of State-Level Antitrust Enforcement,Department ofEconmics Working paper Series in American University,No.2009—17.
- [15]丁启军.行政垄断行业高利润来源研究——高效率,还是垄断定价?[J].产业经济研究,2010(5):44—47.
- [16]Shapiro,C.,2009,Competition Policy in Distressed Industries,A.Division,Editor,U.S.Department of Justice.
- ③截止2010年6月底,中国商务部反垄断局一共立案受理140多件案件,其中129件已经审结。在已审结的案件中,无条件通过审查案件占到95%,另外5个案件附加了限制性条件,只有可口可乐并购汇源案被禁止。数据来源:ht-tp://news.hexun.com/2010 08 14/124595639.html。